International Chemistry Olympiad

IChO 2010

Tokyo, Japan · 9 theory problems with complete solutions

  1. Problem 1: Lord Rayleigh and the discovery of argon

    In 1894, Lord Rayleigh reported that the mass of chemically prepared nitrogen was different from that of nitrogen extracted from the atmosphere, as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Later, this difference was attributed to the presence of argon in atmospheric nitrogen. The masses of gases were measured by using a glass vessel with a known volume under atmospheric pressure (\(1.013\cdot10^5\ \mathrm{Pa}\)).

    Table 1. Mass of Chemical Nitrogen in the Vessel

    From nitric oxide 2.3001 g
    From nitrous oxide 2.2990 g
    From ammonium nitrite purified at a red heat 2.2987 g
    From urea 2.2985 g
    From ammonium nitrite purified in the cold 2.2987 g
    Mean 2.2990 g

    Table 2. Mass of Atmospheric Nitrogen in the Vessel

    \(\ce{O2}\) was removed by hot copper (1892) 2.3103 g
    \(\ce{O2}\) was removed by hot iron (1893) 2.3100 g
    \(\ce{O2}\) was removed by ferrous hydrate (1894) 2.3102 g
    Mean 2.3102 g

    1.1 Calculate the volume \(V\) [\(\mathrm{m^3}\)] of the vessel used by Rayleigh from the mean mass of chemical nitrogen, which must have been pure nitrogen. Assume that the measurements were carried out at a temperature of \(15.0\,^\circ\mathrm{C}\).

    1.2 Estimate the mole fraction \(x\) of argon in Rayleigh's atmospheric nitrogen, by assuming that argon and nitrogen were the only constituents. Use the mean masses of the atmospheric and chemical nitrogen for the calculation.

    Ramsay and Clève discovered helium in cleveite (a mineral consisting of uranium oxide and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earths; an impure variety of uraninite) independently and virtually simultaneously in 1895. The gas extracted from the rock showed a unique spectroscopic line at around 588 nm (indicated by \(\mathrm{D}_3\) in Figure 1), which was first observed in the spectrum of solar prominence during a total eclipse in 1868, near the well-known \(\mathrm{D}_1\) and \(\mathrm{D}_2\) lines of sodium.

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Spectral lines around 588 nm

    1.3 Calculate the energy \(E\) [J] of a photon with the wavelength of the \(\mathrm{D}_3\) line of helium shown in Figure 1.

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Energy diagram of atomic orbitals of helium when an electron resides in the 1s orbital.

    Figure 2 shows an energy diagram of the atomic orbitals of helium. The arrows indicate the "allowed" transitions according to the spectroscopic principle.

    1.4 Identify the transition relevant to the \(\mathrm{D}_3\) line of helium among the transitions [A] to [E] indicated in Figure 2. Mark one of the following:

    \(\square\) [A] \(\square\) [B] \(\square\) [C] \(\square\) [D] \(\square\) [E]

    1.5 Which equation explains the occurrence of helium in cleveite among [A] to [D] below? Mark one.

    Figure 3

    Argon is also found in minerals such as malacon.

    1.6 Which equation explains the occurrence of argon in rocks among [A] to [D] below? Mark one.

    Figure 4

    One of the strongest evidences for the monoatomicity of argon and helium is the ratio of the heat capacity under constant pressure to that at constant volume, \(\gamma=C_p/C_V\), which is exactly \(5/3\) (\(1.67\pm0.01\)) for a monoatomic gas. The ratio was derived from the measurement of speed of sound \(v_s\) by using the following equation, where \(f\) and \(\lambda\) are the frequency and wavelength of the sound, and \(R\), \(T\), and \(M\) denote the molar gas constant, absolute temperature, and molar mass, respectively.

    \[ v_s=f\lambda=\sqrt{\frac{\gamma RT}{M}} \]

    For an unknown gas sample, the wavelength of the sound was measured to be \(\lambda=0.116\ \mathrm{m}\) at a frequency of \(f=3520\ \mathrm{Hz}\) (\(\mathrm{Hz}=\mathrm{s^{-1}}\)) and temperature of \(15.0\,^\circ\mathrm{C}\) and under atmospheric pressure (\(1.013\cdot10^5\ \mathrm{Pa}\)). The density \(\rho\) of the gas for these conditions was measured to be \(0.850\pm0.005\ \mathrm{kg\,m^{-3}}\).

    1.7 Calculate the molar mass \(M\) [\(\mathrm{kg\,mol^{-1}}\)] of this gas.

    1.8 Calculate the heat capacity ratio \(\gamma\) for this gas sample.

    1.9 Which is this gas? Choose and mark among [A] to [D] .

    \(\square\) [A] \(\ce{HCl}\)

    \(\square\) [B] \(\ce{HF}\)

    \(\square\) [C] \(\ce{Ne}\)

    \(\square\) [D] \(\ce{Ar}\)

    Official English text of the problem.

  2. Problem 2: Crystal structure of alkali metal halides

    Crystal structure of alkali metal halide

    In crystals of ionic compounds, cations are generally arranged in the interstices of the closest packed lattice of anions. The structure of an ionic crystal such as sodium chloride becomes stable when the cations are in contact with the nearest anions.

    2.1 In the crystal of sodium chloride, both \(\ce{Na+}\) and \(\ce{Cl-}\) ions form a face-centred cubic lattice. Give the numbers of \(\ce{Na+}\) and \(\ce{Cl-}\) ions in a unit cell and the coordination numbers of \(\ce{Na+}\) and \(\ce{Cl-}\) ions in sodium chloride crystal.

    2.2 The ionic radii of \(\ce{Na+}\) and \(\ce{Cl-}\) ions in the crystal of sodium chloride are 0.102 nm and 0.181 nm, respectively.

    Calculate the density [\(\mathrm{kg\,m^{-3}}\)] of the sodium chloride crystal.

    Born-Haber cycle and lattice enthalpy

    In ionic inorganic compounds such as sodium chloride, the heat of lattice formation from gaseous ions is very high, and the contribution of the change in entropy is small. Therefore, the lattice formation enthalpy is estimated from enthalpy data by using a Born-Haber cycle.

    2.3 The figure below shows the Born-Haber cycle of \(\ce{NaCl}\). The labels “g” and “s” represent “gas” and “solid” states, respectively. Show chemical equations in the A and F steps.

    Figure 1

    2.4 Calculate the enthalpy of the lattice formation of \(\ce{NaCl}\) [\(\mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\)] by using the following enthalpy data of the respective steps in the above Born-Haber cycle.

    Formation of \(\ce{NaCl(s)}\) Sublimation of \(\ce{Na(s)}\) Ionization of \(\ce{Na(g)}\) Dissociation of \(\ce{Cl2(g)}\) Electron gain by \(\ce{Cl(g)}\)
    \(-411\ \mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\) \(109\ \mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\) \(496\ \mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\) \(242\ \mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\) \(-349\ \mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\)

    Synthesis of sodium carbonate by the ammonia-soda process (Solvay process)

    Sodium carbonate (anhydrous soda ash) is a raw material in the manufacture of glass, medicaments, alkaline detergents, etc.

    2.5 The total chemical reaction in the ammonia-soda process is represented as follows:

    Figure 2

    This reaction between sodium chloride and calcium carbonate does not proceed directly. The process comprises the following five reactions involving ammonia:

    Figure 3

    where \(\Delta\) represents applying heat treatment. Insert the chemical formulas of the appropriate compounds instead of [ A ] – [ E ] in the above reactions.

    Official English text of the problem.

  3. Problem 3: Chemical oxygen demand

    The chemical oxygen demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxidizable substance, such as organic compounds, in a sample solution, and it is used as an indication of water quality in seas, lakes, and marshes. For example, the COD of service water is kept below \(1\ \mathrm{mg\,dm^{-3}}\). The COD (\(\mathrm{mg\,dm^{-3}}\)) is represented by mass of \(\ce{O2}\) (mg) which accepts the same amount of electrons which would be accepted by the strong oxidizing agent when \(1\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) of a sample solution is treated with it. An example of the operation is presented below.

    Analytical Operation

    A sample solution with a volume of \(1.00\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) was acidified with a sufficient amount of sulphuric acid, and chloride ions were removed by the addition of silver nitrate solution. A volume of \(1.00\cdot10^{-1}\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) of potassium permanganate solution (\(c=5.00\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\)) was added to the sample solution, and the mixture was heated for 30 min. Further, a volume of \(1.00\cdot10^{-1}\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) of disodium oxalate (\(\ce{Na2C2O4}\) or \(\ce{NaOOC-COONa}\)) standard solution (\(c=1.25\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\)) was added, and the mixture was stirred well. Oxalate ions that remained unreacted were titrated with potassium permanganate solution (\(c=5.00\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\)). A volume of \(3.00\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) of the solution was used for the titration.

    3.1 Give the equation of the redox reaction of potassium permanganate and disodium oxalate.

    3.2 Calculate the mass of \(\ce{O2}\) (in mg) that will oxidize the same number of moles of oxidizable substance as \(1.00\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{dm^3}\) of potassium permanganate solution with a concentration of \(5.00\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\) does.

    3.3 From the following choices, select the most appropriate reason for the removal of chloride ions:

    [A] Some of the chloride ions react with potassium permanganate, resulting in an error in COD.

    [B] Some of the chloride ions react with disodium oxalate, resulting in an error in COD.

    [C] Some of the chloride ions react with organic compounds in the sample solution, resulting in an error in COD.

    [D] A colour is developed during titration, resulting in an error in COD.

    3.4 Calculate the COD (\(\mathrm{mg\,dm^{-3}}\)) of the sample solution described in the analytical operation above.

    Official English text of the problem.

  4. Problem 4: The lithium-ion battery

    The rechargeable lithium ion battery has been developed in Japan.

    The standard electromotive force of the battery is 3.70 V. Assume that the half-reaction at the cathode is

    Figure 1

    and the half-reaction at the anode is

    Figure 2

    4.1 Write the total reaction equation of the battery and calculate the value of the standard Gibbs energy of the reaction [\(\mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\)].

    The battery cell is constructed using \(\ce{LiCoO2}\) and graphite (\(\ce{C}\)) as the electrode materials.

    4.2 Calculate the mass of the anode in the completely charged state and that in completely discharged state if 10.00 g of \(\ce{LiCoO2}\) and 10.00 g of graphite (\(\ce{C}\)) are present initially.

    4.3 Calculate the maximum energy generated per mass of the lithium ion battery cell [\(\mathrm{kJ\,kg^{-1}}\)]. Assume that the correct ratio for complete reaction between the cathode and anode materials is used and the sum of the mass of electrodes is 50.0 % of the total mass of the battery cell. In comparison, the energy density of lead-acid batteries used for vehicles is about 200 \(\mathrm{kJ\,kg^{-1}}\).

    Because an aqueous solution cannot be used as an electrolyte, an organic solution is used in the lithium ion battery cell.

    4.4 Give the chemical formula of the gas generated if water is present in the electrolyte.

    Official English text of the problem.

  5. Problem 5: Photoelectron spectroscopy

    When an atom \(\ce{X}\) absorbs radiation with a photon energy greater than the ionization energy of the atom, the atom is ionized to generate an ion \(\ce{X+}\) and the electron (called a photoelectron) is ejected at the same time. In this event, the energy is conserved as shown in Figure 1, that is,

    Photon energy (\(h\nu\)) = ionization energy (IE) of \(\ce{X}\) + kinetic energy of photoelectron.

    When a molecule, for example, \(\ce{H2}\), absorbs short-wavelength light, the photoelectron is ejected and an \(\ce{H2+}\) ion with a variety of vibrational states is produced. A photoelectron spectrum is a plot of the number of photoelectrons as a function of the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons. Figure 2 shows a typical photoelectron spectrum when \(\ce{H2}\) in the lowest vibrational level is irradiated by monochromatic light of 21.2 eV. No photoelectrons are detected above 6.0 eV. (eV is a unit of energy and 1.0 eV is equal to \(1.6\cdot10^{-19}\) J.)

    Figure 1

    Figure 1. Schematic diagram of photoelectron spectroscopy.

    Figure 2

    Figure 2. Photoelectron spectrum of \(\ce{H2}\). The energy of the incident light is 21.2 eV.

    5.1 a) Determine the energy difference \(\Delta E_{\mathrm{A1}}\) (eV) between \(\ce{H2}\) (\(v=0\)) and \(\ce{H2+}\) (\(v_{\mathrm{ion}}=0\)) to the first decimal place. \(v\) and \(v_{\mathrm{ion}}\) denote the vibrational quantum numbers of \(\ce{H2}\) and \(\ce{H2+}\), respectively.

    b) Determine the energy difference \(\Delta E_{\mathrm{A2}}\) (eV) between \(\ce{H2+}\) (\(v_{\mathrm{ion}}=0\)) and \(\ce{H2+}\) (\(v_{\mathrm{ion}}=3\)) to the first decimal place.

    The electronic energy levels \(E_n^{\mathrm{H}}\) of a hydrogen atom are given by the equation

    \[ E_n^{\mathrm{H}}=-\frac{Ry}{n^2} \qquad (n=1,2,3\cdots) \]

    Here \(n\) is a principal quantum number, and \(Ry\) is a constant with dimensions of energy. The energy from \(n=1\) to \(n=2\) of the hydrogen atom is 10.2 eV.

    5.2 Calculate the ionization energy \(E_{\mathrm{B}}\) (eV) of the hydrogen atom to the first decimal place.

    The energy threshold for the generation of two electronically excited hydrogen atoms \(\ce{H^{*}}\) (\(n=2\)) from \(\ce{H2}\) (\(v=0\)) has been derived to be 24.9 eV by an experiment.

    5.3 Determine the bond energy \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\) (eV) of \(\ce{H2}\) to the first decimal place.

    5.4 Considering an energy cycle, determine the bond energy \(E_{\mathrm{D}}\) (eV) of \(\ce{H2+}\) to the first decimal place. If you were unable to determine the values for \(E_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\), then use 15.0 eV and 5.0 eV for \(E_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\), respectively.

    5.5 Calculate the threshold energy \(E_{\mathrm{E}}\) (eV) of the following dissociative ionization reaction to the first decimal place:

    Figure 3

    If you were unable to determine the values for \(E_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\), then use 15.0 eV and 5.0 eV for \(E_{\mathrm{B}}\) and \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\), respectively.

    When \(\ce{H2}\) absorbs monochromatic light of 21.2 eV, the following dissociation process occurs at the same time.

    Figure 4

    Two hydrogen atoms move in opposite directions with the same speed.

    5.6 Calculate the speed \(u\) (\(\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}\)) of the hydrogen atoms generated in the above reaction. \(\ce{H2}\) is assumed to be at rest. If you were unable to determine the value for \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\), then use 5.0 eV for \(E_{\mathrm{C}}\).

    Official English text of the problem.

  6. Problem 6: Four isomers of C8H10O

    Read the description of four kinds of isomeric organic compounds A, B, C, and D. All of them have the formula \(\ce{C8H10O}\) and contain a benzene ring. Answer the questions that follow. If there are stereoisomers, give also their structural formulas.

    • At room temperature, a piece of sodium metal was added (procedure 1) to A, B, and C in test tubes. The evolution of hydrogen gas was observed only in the case of C.
    • When an iron(III) chloride aqueous solution was added to C and D, no coloration was observed in C, whereas D was coloured.
    • A was oxidized when aqueous potassium permanganate was added to it and the mixture was heated. The acidification of the heated mixture and its isolation (procedure 2) afforded benzoic acid.
    • Let’s imagine that a hydrogen atom in the benzene ring is replaced by a chlorine atom (procedure 3). It is possible to obtain in this way four kinds of monochlorinated structural isomers from B, while only two kinds of such isomers can be obtained from D.
    • Hydrogenation of the benzene ring in C and D using a catalyst gave saturated alcohol(s). It was found that the saturated alcohol(s) obtained from C has no stereogenic carbons while those obtained from D has stereogenic carbon(s).

    6.1 Among all the isomeric organic compounds with a formula of \(\ce{C8H10O}\) and having a benzene ring, give the structural formulas of all the isomers that do NOT yield hydrogen gas in the underlined procedure 1, in which a piece of sodium is added:

    i) to the neat samples in the case of the liquid samples,

    ii) to the concentrated solution of the samples in an aprotic solvent in the case of the solid samples.

    6.2 Among all the isomeric organic compounds with a formula of \(\ce{C8H10O}\) and having a benzene ring, give the structural formulas of all the isomers that yield benzoic acid in the underlined procedure 2.

    6.3 Among all the isomeric organic compounds with a formula of \(\ce{C8H10O}\) and having a benzene ring, give the structural formulas of all the isomers that could yield four different monochlorinated structural isomers when the underlined procedure 3 is performed.

    6.4 Give the structural formulas of A, B, C, and D. When several isomers can be considered, give the structural formulas of all of them.

    Official English text of the problem.

  7. Problem 7: Tetrodotoxin

    Certain varieties of puffer fish, Fugu in Japanese, are highly prized as foods in Japan. Since the viscera (especially ovaries and livers) of the fish contain a potent toxin (tetrodotoxin), food poisoning often results from its ingestion. Studies on tetrodotoxin (1) have been performed from the beginning of the 20th century. Its chemical structure was elucidated in 1964.

    Figure 1

    tetrodotoxin (1)

    The guanidine group in tetrodotoxin exhibits strong basicity. The guanidinium ion resulting from protonation on the guanidine group is stabilized by the existence of the following resonance.

    Figure 2

    7.1 Draw two resonance structures B and C.

    Many derivatization reactions were performed in structure studies of tetrodotoxin. Treatment of tetrodotoxin (1) (see reaction scheme 1) with ethanolic potassium hydroxide upon heating afforded quinazoline derivative 2, which provided an insight into the nature of the fundamental skeleton of tetrodotoxin. The reaction mechanism can be described as follows. First, tetrodotoxin is hydrolyzed into carboxylate 3. Then the hydroxyl group highlighted with a frame is eliminated by the base to give intermediate D. A retro-aldol reaction of D cleaves a carbon-carbon bond to provide intermediates E and F. Finally, dehydration and aromatization from E produce quinazoline derivative 2.

    7.2 Draw structures of the postulated intermediates D, E, and F.

    Figure 3

    Reaction scheme 1

    Although biosynthesis of tetrodotoxin still remains to be clarified, it is proposed that tetrodotoxin may be biologically synthesized from L-arginine and isopentenyl diphosphate.

    Figure 4

    7.3 Among the carbon atoms included in tetrodotoxin, circle all those that are expected to be of L-arginine origin.

    In the 1990s, an alternative biosynthetic pathway of tetrodotoxin was proposed. Condensation between 2-deoxy-3-oxo-D-pentose and guanidine provides intermediate G with cyclic guanidine moiety (molecular formula \(\ce{C6H11N3O3}\)). Tetrodotoxin may be biologically synthesized from intermediate G and isopentenyl diphosphate.

    Figure 5

    7.4 Draw a structure of the postulated intermediate G showing the stereochemistry.

    Official English text of the problem.

  8. Problem 8: Polycondensation and the degree of polymerization

    The esterification reaction between bi-functional molecules gives one of the typical linear chain polymers, as shown in equation (1), by polycondensation (often called “condensation polymerization”). The control of polymerization conditions and procedures determines the length of polymer strands, i. e. the average degree of polymerization, \(X\) (note that \(X=2n\) in the present instance). Because \(X\) (and also \(n\)) is an averaged number, it is not always an integer but a value with decimal figures.

    Figure 1

    \(X\) can be estimated from the consumption of functional groups (here, \(\ce{-COOH}\) and \(\ce{-OH}\)). Let us define the degree of reaction, \(p\), as \(p=(N_0-N)/N_0\;(\leq 1)\), where \(N_0\) and \(N\) denote the total numbers of functional groups before and after the polymerization, respectively. For each functional group of the dicarboxylic acid molecules (A) and diol molecules (B), we add the suffixes of “A” or “B” such as \(N_{\mathrm{A}0}\), \(N_{\mathrm{B}0}\), \(N_{\mathrm A}\) or \(N_{\mathrm B}\), respectively, i. e. \(N_0=N_{\mathrm{A}0}+N_{\mathrm{B}0}\) and \(N=N_{\mathrm A}+N_{\mathrm B}\). When the initial feed is unbalanced such as \(N_{\mathrm{A}0}\leq N_{\mathrm{B}0}\), \(X\) is expressed by \(p_{\mathrm A}\) and \(r\) as shown in equation 2, where \(r=N_{\mathrm{A}0}/N_{\mathrm{B}0}\;(\leq 1)\) and \(p_{\mathrm A}=(N_{\mathrm{A}0}-N_{\mathrm A})/N_{\mathrm{A}0}\). If \(r=1\), \(p_{\mathrm A}\) is identical to \(p\) and equation 2 becomes the same to the Carothers equation.

    \[ X=\frac{1+r}{1+r-2p_{\mathrm A}r} \tag{2} \]

    Some nylon-6,6 sample was prepared by polycondensation between an equimolar mixture of adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) and hexamethylenediamine (hexane-1,6-diamine).

    8.1 Show the chemical structure of this nylon-6,6 sample.

    [Caution: What are the end groups when polycondensation was started from the equimolar mixture?]

    8.2 When an average molar weight, \(M\), of this nylon-6,6 sample is \(5507.25\;(\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}})\), calculate its \(X\) value to the second decimal place.

    8.3 Give the \(p\) value to the fifth decimal place that is necessary to prepare the above nylon-6,6 sample. If you get no numerical answer in 8.2 use the value 52.50 instead.

    The low-molecular-weight polyester (oligoester) is prepared from the mixture of 36.54 g of adipic acid (hexanedioic acid) and an unknown amount [\(W\) (g)] of butane-1,4-diol (Bdiol). Under the condition of \(p_{\mathrm A}\to 1\), the oligoester with \(X=11.00\) carrying Bdiol units in both chain ends, is obtained.

    8.4 Show the precise chemical structure of this oligoester of \(X=11.00\).

    8.5 Calculate the unknown amount, \(W\) (g), to the first decimal place.

    Official English text of the problem.

  9. Problem 9: α-Cyclodextrin

    α-Cyclodextrin (αCyD), which is a cyclic oligosaccharide of six α(1→4) linked α-D-glucopyranoside units, can be topologically represented as toroids (Figure 1). α-D-glucopyranoside units in αCyD are usually in the most stable chair conformation.

    Figure 1
    Figure 2

    Figure 1. Space filling model of αCyD.
    Left: view through the hole.
    Right: side view.

    9.1 Give the absolute configuration (\(R\) or \(S\)) at stereogenic carbons C-2 and C-5 of D-glucose. Also, draw a stereostructure of the open chain form of D-glucose.

    9.2 Choose the most stable conformation from the following four incomplete α-D-glucopyranose formulas. Also, add four \(\ce{OH}\) groups and four \(\ce{H}\) atoms to complete the α-D-glucopyranose formula.

    Figure 3

    αCyD in water is able to host hydrophobic molecules. When the host : guest (H : G) stoichiometry is 1 : 1, the inclusion complexation can be given by the following equilibrium.

    Figure 4

    where \(k_1\) and \(k_{-1}\) are the rate constant for the forward and backward reaction, respectively. The complexation of a guest to αCyD causes a chemical shift change in \(\ce{^1H}\) NMR spectra.

    Figure 2 shows a part of \(\ce{^1H}\) NMR spectra (signals from H–1 of αCyD) showing the chemical shift change in the presence of varying amounts of BTAD (1,10-bis(trimethylammonium)decane diiodide). The doublet peak at 5.06 ppm is from H–1 of free αCyD, while the doublet at 5.14 ppm is from H–1 of αCyD complexed with BTAD. (Note that the spectra given in Figure 2 were measured in the complexation equilibrium state.)

    Figure 5
    Figure 6

    Figure 2.
    Expanded \(\ce{^1H}\) NMR spectra (signals from H–1 of αCyD) of solutions with concentration of αCyD equal to \(5.0\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\) and that of BTAD equal from 0 to \(3.0\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\).

    9.3 Consider a solution in which concentrations of αCyD as well as BTAD are equal to \(5.0\cdot10^{-3}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\) and the relative peak areas of the doublets at 5.06 and 5.14 ppm are 0.41 and 0.59, respectively. Calculate (to 2 significant figures) the concentration equilibrium constant, \(K\), for the inclusion complexation of αCyD / BTAD.

    Complexation of αCyD with hexyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) appears in NMR spectra in a way different from the αCyD/BTAD complexation. Figure 3 shows a part of \(\ce{^1H}\) NMR spectra (H-6 signal of HTAB) in αCyD/HTAB solutions. The signal appears as one triplet (not two triplets), which shifts depending on the concentration of αCyD from the position of free HTAB to the position of αCyD/HTAB in proportion to the fraction of the complex in the solution. The H-6 signals from free HTAB and HTAB complexed with αCyD are triplets at 0.740 ppm and 0.860 ppm, respectively.

    Figure 7
    Figure 8

    Figure 3.
    Expanded \(\ce{^1H}\) NMR spectra (H-6 signal of HTAB) of solutions with concentration of HTAB equal to \(1.0\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\) and that of αCyD equal from 0 to \(3.0\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\).

    9.4 The signal of HTAB in αCyD/HTAB solutions appears as one triplet that shifts depending on the concentration of αCyD. Choose the rational interpretation(s) just from these spectra.

    Hint: When a guest molecule move in and out of αCyD rapidly and repeatedly, only one signal of the guest is observed at the weighted average of the chemical shifts of the free guest and the shift of the guest included in αCyD.

    a) \(k_1\) of αCyD/HTAB \(>\) \(k_1\) of αCyD/BTAD

    b) \(k_1\) of αCyD/HTAB \(<\) \(k_1\) of αCyD/BTAD

    c) \(K\) of αCyD/HTAB \(>\) \(K\) of αCyD/BTAD

    d) \(K\) of αCyD/HTAB \(<\) \(K\) of αCyD/BTAD

    9.5 The signals of HTAB in the solution with concentrations of αCyD as well as HTAB equal to \(1.0\cdot10^{-2}\ \mathrm{mol\,dm^{-3}}\) are positioned at 0.815 ppm. Calculate (to 2 significant figures) the value of \(K\) for the complexation of αCyD/HTAB.

    9.6 At 40.0 °C and 60.0 °C, \(K\) for the complexation of αCyD / HTAB are \(3.12\cdot10^2\) and \(2.09\cdot10^2\) respectively. Calculate (to 2 significant figures) the enthalpy change, \(\Delta H^\circ\) [\(\mathrm{kJ\,mol^{-1}}\)] and the entropy change, \(\Delta S^\circ\) [\(\mathrm{J\,K^{-1}\,mol^{-1}}\)]. (Ignore the temperature dependence of \(\Delta H^\circ\) and \(\Delta S^\circ\).)

    Official English text of the problem.