IChO 2013 · Theory problem 7

Diverse permanganatometry

The amount of many reducing agents can be determined by permanganatometric titration in alkaline medium allowing permanganate ion reduction to manganate.

7.1 Write down the ionic reaction equation for titration of formate with permanganate in an aqueous \(\ce{NaOH}\) solution with a concentration of ~0.5 mol dm\(^{-3}\).

Titration with permanganate in alkaline medium is often supplemented by addition of a barium salt, which leads to precipitation of manganate as \(\ce{BaMnO4}\).

7.2 Which side redox processes involving manganate is suppressed by the barium salt? Write down an example of equation of the corresponding reaction.

A volume of 10.00 cm\(^3\) (\(V_{\mathrm{Mn}}\)) of \(\ce{KMnO4}\) solution with a concentration of 0.0400 mol dm\(^{-3}\) (\(c_{\mathrm{Mn}}\)) was placed in each of flasks A, B, and C and different reactions were conducted in each flask.

A sample solution containing crotonic acid (CA) \(\ce{CH3-CH=CH-COOH}\), an alkali and barium nitrate (both in an excess) were added to flask A, and the reaction mixture was incubated for 45 min. It is known that crotonic acid loses 10 electrons under the experiment conditions.

7.3 a Write down the total ionic equation for the reaction.

A volume of 8.00 cm\(^3\) (\(V_{\mathrm{CN}}\)) of potassium cyanide solution (\(c_{\mathrm{CN}}=0.0100\) mol dm\(^{-3}\)) was then added to the incubated mixture. This resulted in completion of the following reaction:

Figure 1

\(\ce{BaMnO4}\) precipitate was then filtered off, and the excess of cyanide in the filtrate was titrated with \(\ce{AgNO3}\) solution (\(c_{\mathrm{Ag}}=0.0050\) mol dm\(^{-3}\)) till detectable precipitation was observed. Note that both \(\ce{CN^-}\) and \(\ce{CNO^-}\) are analogs of halide ions, but \(\ce{CNO^-}\) affords soluble silver salt.

7.3 b Give the formula for the complex formed when \(\ce{Ag+}\) ions were initially added to the cyanide solution (until the precipitate was formed).

7.3 c Give the formula of the precipitate formed.

7.3 d Derive the formula for calculating the amount of substance of crotonic acid in the sample solution. Calculate the mass of crotonic acid (in mg) if 5.40 cm\(^3\) (\(V_{\mathrm{Ag}}\)) of the silver salt solution was consumed for the titration to the endpoint.

Another sample of crotonic acid and alkali (in an excess) were added to flask B, this mixture lacking barium salt. An excess of \(\ce{KI}\) (instead of cyanide) was added as a reducing agent. The mixture was then acidified and the iodine evolved was titrated with a thiosulfate solution (\(c_{\mathrm{S}}=0.1000\) mol dm\(^{-3}\)). 4.90 cm\(^3\) (\(V_{\mathrm{S1}}\)) of the titrant was used to reach the endpoint.

7.4 Derive the formula for calculating the amount of substance of crotonic acid in this experiment. Calculate the mass of crotonic acid (in mg).

A sample containing tin(II) was added to flask C, and the medium was adjusted to weak alkaline. Tin(II) was quantitatively oxidized to \(\ce{Sn(OH)6^2-}\), whereas a precipitate formed as a result of permanganate reduction. The precipitate was isolated, washed off, dried at 250 °C, weighed (the mass of the water-free precipitate (\(m_{\mathrm{prec}}\)), representing a binary compound, was of 28.6 mg), and dissolved in \(\ce{H2SO4}\) in the presence of an excess of potassium iodide. The evolved iodine was titrated with 0.1000 M thiosulfate solution. 2.5 cm\(^3\) (\(V_{\mathrm{S2}}\)) of the latter was consumed to attain the endpoint.

7.5 a Write down the reaction of precipitation. Confirm it with calculations.

7.5 b Calculate the mass of tin in the sample (in mg) referred to the metal.

Official English text of the problem.

Answers

Species names and SMILES are collected in the solution. In the calculation formulas below, volumes are in dm\(^3\).

  • 7.1 \[ \boxed{\ce{HCOO^- + 2MnO4^- + 3OH^- -> CO3^2- + 2MnO4^2- + 2H2O}} \]

  • 7.2 Precipitation suppresses secondary reactions of dissolved manganate: further reduction and disproportionation. Examples are \[ \ce{MnO4^2- + HCOO^- -> MnO2(s) + CO3^2- + OH^-} \] and \[ \ce{3MnO4^2- + 2H2O -> 2MnO4^- + MnO2(s) + 4OH^-}. \]

  • 7.3 a \[ \boxed{\begin{aligned} &\ce{CH3CH=CHCOOH + 10MnO4^- + 12Ba^2+ + 15OH^-}\\ &\qquad\ce{-> CH3COO^- + 2BaCO3(s) + 10BaMnO4(s) + 9H2O} \end{aligned}} \]

  • 7.3 b Dicyanidoargentate(I), \(\boxed{\ce{[Ag(CN)2]^-}}\), a linear complex.

  • 7.3 c Silver cyanide, \(\boxed{\ce{AgCN(s)}}\). The endpoint precipitate can equivalently be written \(\ce{Ag[Ag(CN)2]}\), with the composition of two formula units of \(\ce{AgCN}\).

  • 7.3 d \[ \boxed{n_{\mathrm{CA,A}} =\frac{c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}} -2c_{\mathrm{CN}}V_{\mathrm{CN}} +4c_{\mathrm{Ag}}V_{\mathrm{Ag}}}{10}} \] \[ \boxed{n_{\mathrm{CA,A}}=3.48\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{mol}, \qquad m_{\mathrm{CA,A}}=3.00\ \mathrm{mg}} \]

  • 7.4 \[ \boxed{n_{\mathrm{CA,B}} =\frac{5c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}} -c_{\mathrm{S}}V_{\mathrm{S1}}}{10}} \] \[ \boxed{n_{\mathrm{CA,B}}=1.51\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}, \qquad m_{\mathrm{CA,B}}=13.0\ \mathrm{mg}} \]

  • 7.5 a The precipitate is manganese(II,III) oxide, \(\boxed{\ce{Mn3O4}}\): \[ \boxed{\begin{aligned} &\ce{6MnO4^- + 13Sn^2+ + 46OH^- + 16H2O}\\ &\qquad\ce{-> 2Mn3O4(s) + 13[Sn(OH)6]^2-}. \end{aligned}} \]

  • 7.5 b \[ \boxed{m_{\mathrm{Sn}}=96.4\ \mathrm{mg}} \] using the precipitate mass after identifying its composition.

Solution

For the mass conversions, conventional molar masses are used: \[ M_{\mathrm{CA}}=86.09\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}},\quad M_{\mathrm{Mn}}=54.94\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}},\quad M_{\mathrm O}=16.00\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}},\quad M_{\mathrm{Sn}}=118.71\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}. \]

The species used below have the following names and SMILES. For extended solids, the disconnected SMILES express formula-unit composition, not the crystal lattice. Coordination SMILES use arrows for donor–metal bonds; these do not specify geometry.

Species Name SMILES
\(\ce{CH3CH=CHCOOH}\) Crotonic acid, conventionally \((E)\)-but-2-enoic acid C/C=C/C(=O)O
\(\ce{HCOO^-}\) Formate [H]C(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{CH3COO^-}\) Acetate CC(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{CO3^2-}\) Carbonate [O-]C(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{MnO4^-}\) Permanganate [O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O
\(\ce{MnO4^2-}\) Manganate(VI) [O-][Mn](=O)(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{OH^-}\) Hydroxide [OH-]
\(\ce{H2O}\) Water O
\(\ce{Ba^2+}\) Barium ion [Ba+2]
\(\ce{BaMnO4}\) Barium manganate(VI) [Ba+2].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{BaCO3}\) Barium carbonate [Ba+2].[O-]C(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{MnO2}\) Manganese(IV) oxide [Mn+4].[O-2].[O-2]
\(\ce{CN^-}\) Cyanide [C-]#N
\(\ce{CNO^-}\) Cyanate N#C[O-]
\(\ce{Ag+}\) Silver(I) ion [Ag+]
\(\ce{[Ag(CN)2]^-}\) Dicyanidoargentate(I) N#[C-]->[Ag+]<-[C-]#N
\(\ce{AgCN}\) Silver cyanide [Ag+].[C-]#N
\(\ce{H+}\) Hydrogen ion [H+]
\(\ce{I^-}\) Iodide [I-]
\(\ce{I2}\) Iodine II
\(\ce{S2O3^2-}\) Thiosulfate [O-]S(=O)(=O)[S-]
\(\ce{S4O6^2-}\) Tetrathionate [O-]S(=O)(=O)SSS(=O)(=O)[O-]
\(\ce{Mn^2+}\) Manganese(II) ion [Mn+2]
\(\ce{Sn^2+}\) Tin(II) ion [Sn+2]
\(\ce{[Sn(OH)6]^2-}\) Hexahydroxidostannate(IV) [Sn+4](<-[OH-])(<-[OH-])(<-[OH-])(<-[OH-])(<-[OH-])<-[OH-]
\(\ce{Mn3O4}\) Manganese(II,III) oxide [Mn+2].[Mn+3].[Mn+3].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2]

The silver complex has linear carbon–silver–carbon coordination. The tin(IV) complex has octahedral coordination by six hydroxide ligands. The printed condensed formula of crotonic acid does not specify alkene geometry; that geometry does not affect any calculation here.

7.1

Carbon is oxidized from \(+2\) in formate to \(+4\) in carbonate, releasing two electrons: \[ \ce{HCOO^- + 3OH^- -> CO3^2- + 2H2O + 2e^-}. \]

Each permanganate ion accepts one electron: \[ \ce{MnO4^- + e^- -> MnO4^2-}. \]

Multiplying the second half-reaction by two and adding gives \[ \boxed{\ce{HCOO^- + 2MnO4^- + 3OH^- -> CO3^2- + 2MnO4^2- + 2H2O}}. \]

7.2

Barium removes dissolved manganate by precipitation: \[ \ce{Ba^2+ + MnO4^2- -> BaMnO4(s)}. \]

This suppresses further reduction of manganese(VI), for example by formate: \[ \boxed{\ce{MnO4^2- + HCOO^- -> MnO2(s) + CO3^2- + OH^-}}. \]

It also suppresses manganate disproportionation into manganese(VII) and manganese(IV): \[ \boxed{\ce{3MnO4^2- + 2H2O -> 2MnO4^- + MnO2(s) + 4OH^-}}. \]

These secondary reactions would otherwise disturb the intended one-electron reduction of permanganate to manganate.

7.3 a

Oxidative cleavage of crotonic acid leaves its methyl-containing two-carbon fragment as acetate. The other two carbon atoms are oxidized to carbonate.

Reading from the methyl end, the carbon oxidation numbers change as follows: \[ (-3,-1,-1,+3)\longrightarrow(-3,+3,+4,+4). \] The total increase is \[ 0+4+5+1=10, \] consistent with the stated ten-electron oxidation.

The oxidation half-reaction is \[ \ce{CH3CH=CHCOOH + 15OH^- -> CH3COO^- + 2CO3^2- + 9H2O + 10e^-}. \]

Ten permanganate ions accept these ten electrons. Excess barium precipitates both manganate and carbonate: \[ \ce{Ba^2+ + MnO4^2- -> BaMnO4(s)}, \qquad \ce{Ba^2+ + CO3^2- -> BaCO3(s)}. \]

Thus the total ionic equation is \[ \boxed{\begin{aligned} &\ce{CH3CH=CHCOOH + 10MnO4^- + 12Ba^2+ + 15OH^-}\\ &\qquad\ce{-> CH3COO^- + 2BaCO3(s) + 10BaMnO4(s) + 9H2O}. \end{aligned}} \]

7.3 b

Initially, excess cyanide keeps added silver in the soluble complex: \[ \ce{Ag+ + 2CN^- -> [Ag(CN)2]^-}. \]

The complex is therefore \[ \boxed{\ce{[Ag(CN)2]^-}}, \] with two carbon-bound cyanide ligands and linear coordination.

7.3 c

Once the free cyanide has been consumed by complex formation, further silver produces silver cyanide: \[ \ce{Ag+ + [Ag(CN)2]^- -> 2AgCN(s)}. \]

Hence \[ \boxed{\ce{AgCN(s)}}. \]

Writing the endpoint precipitate as \(\ce{Ag[Ag(CN)2]}\) gives the same overall composition. Cyanate does not produce the endpoint precipitate because its silver salt is soluble, as specified.

7.3 d

Define the initially added amounts: \[ n_{\mathrm{Mn},0}=c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}}, \qquad n_{\mathrm{CN},0}=c_{\mathrm{CN}}V_{\mathrm{CN}}. \]

The silver titration measures the remaining cyanide. From the \(1:2\) silver-to-cyanide complexation ratio, \[ n_{\mathrm{CN,remaining}}=2c_{\mathrm{Ag}}V_{\mathrm{Ag}}. \]

Therefore cyanide consumed by residual permanganate is \[ n_{\mathrm{CN,reacted}} =c_{\mathrm{CN}}V_{\mathrm{CN}}-2c_{\mathrm{Ag}}V_{\mathrm{Ag}}. \]

The given reaction is \[ \ce{2Ba^2+ + 2MnO4^- + CN^- + 2OH^- -> 2BaMnO4(s) + CNO^- + H2O}. \]

Thus two moles of residual permanganate consume one mole of cyanide: \[ n_{\mathrm{Mn,residual}} =2\left(c_{\mathrm{CN}}V_{\mathrm{CN}} -2c_{\mathrm{Ag}}V_{\mathrm{Ag}}\right). \]

Crotonic acid consumes ten moles of permanganate per mole, giving \[ \boxed{ n_{\mathrm{CA,A}} =\frac{c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}} -2c_{\mathrm{CN}}V_{\mathrm{CN}} +4c_{\mathrm{Ag}}V_{\mathrm{Ag}}}{10} }. \]

Numerically, \[ n_{\mathrm{Mn},0}=0.0400(0.01000) =4.00\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}, \] \[ n_{\mathrm{CN},0}=0.0100(0.00800) =8.00\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{mol}, \] \[ n_{\mathrm{Ag}}=0.0050(0.00540) =2.70\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Consequently, \[ n_{\mathrm{CA,A}} =\frac{4.00\times10^{-4} -2(8.00\times10^{-5}) +4(2.70\times10^{-5})}{10} =3.48\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

The mass is \[ m_{\mathrm{CA,A}} =(3.48\times10^{-5})(86.09)\ \mathrm g =\boxed{3.00\ \mathrm{mg}}. \]

7.4

After acidification in excess iodide, manganese is reduced to manganese(II). Relative to this final state, each initial permanganate ion has a five-electron oxidizing capacity: \[ \ce{MnO4^- + 8H+ + 5e^- -> Mn^2+ + 4H2O}. \]

Crotonic acid has already supplied ten electrons per molecule. The remaining oxidizing capacity is measured by iodometry: \[ \ce{2I^- -> I2 + 2e^-}, \] \[ \ce{I2 + 2S2O3^2- -> 2I^- + S4O6^2-}. \]

Thus one mole of thiosulfate corresponds to one mole of electrons transferred from iodide to the remaining manganese oxidants.

Conservation of electron equivalents gives \[ 5c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}} =10n_{\mathrm{CA,B}}+c_{\mathrm S}V_{\mathrm{S1}}. \]

Hence \[ \boxed{ n_{\mathrm{CA,B}} =\frac{5c_{\mathrm{Mn}}V_{\mathrm{Mn}} -c_{\mathrm S}V_{\mathrm{S1}}}{10} }. \]

This balance remains valid when manganese undergoes intermediate reductions or disproportionation, because these redistribute its oxidation states without changing the overall electron balance.

Substitution gives \[ n_{\mathrm{CA,B}} =\frac{5(0.0400)(0.01000)-(0.1000)(0.00490)}{10} =1.51\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Therefore \[ m_{\mathrm{CA,B}} =(1.51\times10^{-4})(86.09)\ \mathrm g =\boxed{13.0\ \mathrm{mg}}. \]

7.5 a

The dried binary precipitate is a manganese oxide. Its composition must be determined from both its mass and its oxidizing capacity.

Let \(n_{\mathrm{Mn}}\) and \(n_{\mathrm O}\) denote the amounts of manganese and oxygen atoms in the precipitate. Oxygen has oxidation number \(-2\), so reducing all manganese to \(+2\) requires \[ 2n_{\mathrm O}-2n_{\mathrm{Mn}} \] moles of electrons.

The thiosulfate amount is \[ n_{\mathrm{S2O3}} =(0.1000)(0.0025) =2.5\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Since each mole of thiosulfate corresponds to one electron equivalent, \[ 2(n_{\mathrm O}-n_{\mathrm{Mn}}) =2.5\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}, \] or \[ n_{\mathrm O}=n_{\mathrm{Mn}}+1.25\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

The precipitate mass gives \[ 54.94n_{\mathrm{Mn}}+16.00n_{\mathrm O}=0.0286, \] with amounts in mol and mass in g. Substitution yields \[ n_{\mathrm{Mn}} =\frac{0.0286-16.00(1.25\times10^{-4})}{54.94+16.00} =3.7496\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}, \] \[ n_{\mathrm O}=4.9996\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Thus \[ \frac{n_{\mathrm O}}{n_{\mathrm{Mn}}}\approx\frac43, \] identifying the precipitate as \[ \boxed{\ce{Mn3O4}}. \]

It contains one manganese(II) and two manganese(III) ions per formula unit. Its iodometric dissolution is \[ \ce{Mn3O4(s) + 8H+ + 2I^- -> 3Mn^2+ + I2 + 4H2O}. \]

Each mole of oxide therefore produces one mole of iodine and consumes two moles of thiosulfate. With \[ M(\ce{Mn3O4})=3(54.94)+4(16.00)=228.82\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}, \] the measured mass corresponds to \[ n(\ce{Mn3O4})=\frac{0.0286}{228.82} =1.24989\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

The predicted thiosulfate volume is \[ V_{\mathrm{S2}} =\frac{2(1.24989\times10^{-4})}{0.1000} =2.4998\times10^{-3}\ \mathrm{dm^3} \approx2.5\ \mathrm{cm^3}, \] in agreement with the observation.

For precipitation, the half-reactions are \[ \ce{3MnO4^- + 8H2O + 13e^- -> Mn3O4(s) + 16OH^-} \] and \[ \ce{Sn^2+ + 6OH^- -> [Sn(OH)6]^2- + 2e^-}. \]

Multiplying these by two and thirteen, respectively, gives \[ \boxed{\begin{aligned} &\ce{6MnO4^- + 13Sn^2+ + 46OH^- + 16H2O}\\ &\qquad\ce{-> 2Mn3O4(s) + 13[Sn(OH)6]^2-}. \end{aligned}} \]

Here \(\ce{Sn^2+}\) represents the analytical tin(II) input in the net ionic balance; its hydrolysis in alkaline solution does not alter the electron stoichiometry.

7.5 b

The precipitation equation gives \[ n(\ce{Sn})=\frac{13}{2}n(\ce{Mn3O4}). \]

Using the measured precipitate mass, \[ n(\ce{Sn}) =\frac{13}{2}\frac{0.0286}{228.82} =8.12429\times10^{-4}\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Therefore \[ m(\ce{Sn}) =(8.12429\times10^{-4})(118.71)\ \mathrm g =\boxed{96.4\ \mathrm{mg}}. \]

As a consistency check, the precipitate contains \[ 3n(\ce{Mn3O4})\approx0.375\ \mathrm{mmol} \] of manganese, whereas \(0.400\ \mathrm{mmol}\) of permanganate was initially added. Approximately \(0.0250\ \mathrm{mmol}\) of permanganate therefore remains in excess.

The solution was checked against the official solution.