IChO 1979 · Theory problem 1

Programmed assignment: 20 multiple-choice questions

When carrying out this programmed assignment, encircle those letters which in your opinion correspond to the correct answers to each of the 20 questions.

  1. Which element is oxidized in the reaction between ethylene and an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate?

A) carbon, B) hydrogen, C) potassium, D) manganese, E) oxygen.

  1. How many litres of \(\ce{CO2}\) will approximately be evolved in the reaction of 18 g of potassium hydrogen carbonate with 65 g of 10 % sulphuric acid?

A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  1. Which of the following hydrocarbons gives the maximum heat yield on complete combustion of 1 litre of the gas:

A) propane, B) methane, C) acetylene, D) ethylene, E) all give the same yield.

  1. How many isomers can have a compound if its formula is \(\ce{C3H5Br}\)?

A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  1. Which of the following hydrocarbons will be the best engine fuel?

A) cyclooctane, B) 2,2-dimethylhexane, C) normal octane, D) 3-ethylhexane, E) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.

  1. With which of the following compounds will an aqueous solution of a higher oxide of element No 33 react?

A) \(\ce{CO2}\), B) \(\ce{K2SO4}\), C) \(\ce{HCl}\), D) \(\ce{NaOH}\), E) magnesium.

  1. What must be the minimum concentration (% by mass) of 1 kg of a potassium hydroxide solution for a complete neutralisation of 3.57 moles of nitric acid?

A) 5 %, B) 10 %, C) 15 %, D) 20 %, E) 25 %.

  1. How many compounds with the formula \(\ce{C3H9N}\) can exist?

A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  1. In which of the following compounds has the nitrogen content (in mass %) a maximum value?

A) potassium nitrate, B) barium nitrate, C) aluminium nitrate, D) lithium nitrate, E) sodium nitrate.

  1. To which carbon atom (indicate the serial number) will chlorine mainly add in the reaction of \(\ce{HCl}\) with penten-2-oic acid?

    A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  2. How many moles of water are there per mole of calcium nitrate in a crystallohydrate if the water content is 30.5 % by mass?

    A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  3. Which of these organic acids is the strongest?

    A) benzoic, B) 2-chlorobenzoic, C) 4-methylbenzoic, D) 2-aminobenzoic, E) 4-bromobenzoic.

  4. Which of these acids has the highest degree of dissociation?

    A) \(\ce{HClO}\), B) \(\ce{HClO2}\), C) \(\ce{HClO3}\), D) \(\ce{HClO4}\), E) all have the same degree.

  5. Which of the salts given below do not undergo hydrolysis?

    A) potassium bromide, B) aluminium sulphate, C) sodium carbonate, D) iron(III) nitrate, E) barium sulphate.

  6. How many litres of air are approximately required for complete combustion of 1 litre of ammonia?

    A) 1, B) 2, C) 3, D) 4, E) 5.

  7. Which element is oxidised in the thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate?

    A) sodium, B) hydrogen, C) oxygen, D) carbon, E) none.

  8. Which of the following changes have no effect on the chemical equilibrium in the thermal decomposition of \(\ce{CaCO3}\)?

    A) temperature elevation, B) pressure decrease, C) addition of catalyst, D) a change in the \(\ce{CO2}\) concentration, E) an increase in the amount of the initial substance.

  9. Which of the substances given bellow will be formed at the Pt-anode in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of aluminium chloride?

    A) aluminium, B) oxygen, C) hydrogen, D) aluminium hydroxide, E) chlorine.

  10. The apparatus shown in the figures is intended for preparing ammonia under laboratory conditions. The test tube being heated contains a mixture of \(\ce{NH4Cl}\) and \(\ce{Ca(OH)2}\). Which of the figures is correct?

Figure 1
  1. Which of the apparatuses shown in the figures is the best one for the synthesis of bromethane from potassium bromide, concentrated sulphuric acid and ethanol?
Figure 2
Figure 3

Official English text of the problem.

Answers

  1. A — carbon.
  2. C — approximately \(3\ \mathrm{L}\) of carbon dioxide, O=C=O.
  3. A — propane, CCC.
  4. E — 5 isomers, including geometrical isomers.
  5. E — 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, CC(C)(C)CC(C)C.
  6. D and E — sodium hydroxide, [Na+].[OH-], and magnesium.
  7. D — \(20\%\) by mass.
  8. D — 4 compounds.
  9. D — lithium nitrate, [Li+].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].
  10. C — carbon atom 3.
  11. D — 4 waters of crystallisation: calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, \(\ce{Ca(NO3)2.4H2O}\), [Ca+2].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].O.O.O.O.
  12. B — 2-chlorobenzoic acid, O=C(O)c1ccccc1Cl.
  13. D — perchloric acid, OCl(=O)(=O)=O.
  14. A and E — potassium bromide, [K+].[Br-], and barium sulphate, [Ba+2].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].
  15. D — approximately \(4\ \mathrm{L}\) of air.
  16. E — none.
  17. C and E — addition of a catalyst and increasing the amount of solid calcium carbonate.
  18. B and E — oxygen, O=O, and chlorine, ClCl.
  19. C.
  20. A.

Solution

Rounded atomic masses are sufficient for the numerical choices. Gas volumes are compared at the same temperature and pressure; for question 2, the conventional standard molar volume \(22.4\ \mathrm{L\,mol^{-1}}\) is used.

SMILES for ionic salts below describe formal ionic composition, not crystal structures. Dot-separated waters in a hydrate do not specify their coordination. Recurring molecular species are water O, carbon dioxide O=C=O, hydrogen [H][H], oxygen O=O, nitrogen N#N, and ammonia N. The proton, hydronium ion, and hydroxide ion are [H+], [OH3+], and [OH-], respectively.

1. Oxidation of ethylene — A

Ethylene, or ethene, C=C, undergoes oxidation to ethane-1,2-diol, OCCO, in the usual dilute aqueous permanganate reaction:

\[ \ce{3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O -> 3HOCH2CH2OH + 2MnO2(s) + 2KOH}. \]

Potassium permanganate has the formal ionic SMILES [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O; potassium hydroxide is [K+].[OH-].

Each carbon atom changes oxidation state from \(-2\) in ethylene to \(-1\) in the diol. Thus carbon is oxidized. Manganese changes from \(+7\) to \(+4\), so it is reduced.

2. Carbon dioxide from hydrogen carbonate — C

Potassium hydrogen carbonate is [K+].O=C(O)[O-]; sulphuric acid is OS(=O)(=O)O. The reaction is

\[ \ce{2KHCO3 + H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O}. \]

Potassium sulphate has the ionic representation [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].

The solution contains

\[ m(\ce{H2SO4})=65\ \mathrm{g}\times0.10=6.5\ \mathrm{g}. \]

Using \(M(\ce{KHCO3})=100\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}\) and \(M(\ce{H2SO4})=98\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}\),

\[ n(\ce{KHCO3})=\frac{18}{100}=0.180\ \mathrm{mol}, \qquad n(\ce{H2SO4})=\frac{6.5}{98}=0.0663\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

The acid can consume \(2(0.0663)=0.1327\ \mathrm{mol}\) of hydrogen carbonate, so the acid is limiting. Therefore,

\[ n(\ce{CO2})=0.1327\ \mathrm{mol}, \]

\[ V(\ce{CO2})=0.1327\times22.4 =2.97\ \mathrm{L}\approx3\ \mathrm{L}. \]

3. Maximum heat from equal gas volumes — A

At equal temperature and pressure, equal gas volumes contain equal amounts in moles. The relevant comparison is therefore heat released per mole, rather than per gram.

The combustion equations are

\[ \begin{aligned} \ce{C3H8 + 5O2 &-> 3CO2 + 4H2O},\\ \ce{CH4 + 2O2 &-> CO2 + 2H2O},\\ \ce{2C2H2 + 5O2 &-> 4CO2 + 2H2O},\\ \ce{C2H4 + 3O2 &-> 2CO2 + 2H2O}. \end{aligned} \]

The structures are propane CCC, methane C, acetylene or ethyne C#C, and ethylene C=C.

Among these particular hydrocarbons, propane has the greatest molar heat of combustion. Its molecule contains more carbon and hydrogen to oxidize than any of the other listed molecules. Consequently, one litre of propane gives the greatest heat yield.

4. Isomers of \(\ce{C3H5Br}\) — E

Counting bromine as hydrogen, the degree of unsaturation is

\[ \mathrm{DBE}=\frac{2(3)+2-5-1}{2}=1. \]

The molecule therefore contains either one double bond or one ring.

Isomer SMILES
\((E)\)-1-Bromoprop-1-ene C/C=C/Br
\((Z)\)-1-Bromoprop-1-ene C/C=C\Br
2-Bromoprop-1-ene C=C(Br)C
3-Bromoprop-1-ene, or allyl bromide C=CCBr
Bromocyclopropane BrC1CC1

In 1-bromoprop-1-ene, each double-bond carbon has two different substituents. Its \(E\) and \(Z\) forms have the higher-priority bromine and methyl groups on opposite and the same sides, respectively.

There are therefore four constitutional isomers but five isomers when geometrical isomerism is included.

5. Best engine fuel — E

The intended criterion is resistance to knocking in a spark-ignition engine. Branching generally improves the antiknock properties of alkanes.

The listed structures are:

Hydrocarbon SMILES
Cyclooctane C1CCCCCCC1
2,2-Dimethylhexane CC(C)(C)CCCC
Normal octane CCCCCCCC
3-Ethylhexane CCC(CC)CCC
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane CC(C)(C)CC(C)C

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, commonly called isooctane, is the highly branched reference fuel assigned an octane number of \(100\). It is the intended best choice.

6. Reactions of the higher oxide of element 33 — D and E

Element 33 is arsenic. Its higher oxide is arsenic(V) oxide, \(\ce{As2O5}\), which forms arsenic acid, O=[As](O)(O)O, in water:

\[ \ce{As2O5 + 3H2O -> 2H3AsO4}. \]

Arsenic(V) oxide is an extended solid; a discrete molecular SMILES would not describe its solid structure.

The acidic solution reacts with sodium hydroxide:

\[ \ce{H3AsO4 + 3NaOH -> Na3AsO4 + 3H2O}. \]

The arsenate ion is O=[As]([O-])([O-])[O-]. The displayed equation represents complete neutralisation; acid salts can form with less hydroxide.

Magnesium also reacts. It is an active reducing metal, and acid reduction can be represented by

\[ \ce{Mg + 2H+ -> Mg^2+ + H2}. \]

The magnesium ion is [Mg+2]. Arsenic(V) itself can also be reduced; for example, a balanced reduction step is

\[ \ce{H3AsO4 + Mg + 2H+ -> H3AsO3 + Mg^2+ + H2O}. \]

Here arsenious acid, \(\ce{H3AsO3}\), is O[As](O)O. Further arsenic reduction depends on conditions; a unique final reduction product is not needed to establish that magnesium reacts.

Carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid, [H]Cl, are acidic substances, while potassium sulphate provides no conventional reaction driving force in this comparison. Thus D and E are selected.

7. Required potassium hydroxide concentration — D

Nitric acid is O=[N+]([O-])O. Neutralisation is one-to-one:

\[ \ce{KOH + HNO3 -> KNO3 + H2O}. \]

Therefore,

\[ n(\ce{KOH})=3.57\ \mathrm{mol}. \]

Using \(M(\ce{KOH})=56\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}\),

\[ m(\ce{KOH})=3.57\times56=199.92\ \mathrm{g} \approx200\ \mathrm{g}. \]

For \(1.00\ \mathrm{kg}=1000\ \mathrm{g}\) of solution,

\[ w(\ce{KOH})= \frac{199.92}{1000}\times100\% \approx20.0\%. \]

8. Compounds with formula \(\ce{C3H9N}\) — D

The degree of unsaturation is zero:

\[ \mathrm{DBE}=\frac{2(3)+2+1-9}{2}=0. \]

The ordinary neutral compounds are saturated, acyclic amines. Distributing three carbon atoms among the substituents on nitrogen gives:

Compound Type SMILES
Propan-1-amine Primary amine CCCN
Propan-2-amine Primary amine CC(N)C
\(N\)-Methylethanamine Secondary amine CCNC
Trimethylamine Tertiary amine CN(C)C

Thus there are four compounds.

9. Greatest nitrogen mass fraction — D

For a nitrate of formula \(\ce{M(NO3)_{$z$}}\),

\[ w_\mathrm{N} =\frac{14z}{A_\mathrm{M}+62z}\times100\%. \]

Using rounded atomic masses gives:

Salt SMILES Molar mass / \(\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}\) Nitrogen / mass %
Potassium nitrate [K+].[O-][N+](=O)[O-] 101 13.86
Barium nitrate [Ba+2].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].[O-][N+](=O)[O-] 261 10.73
Aluminium nitrate [Al+3].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].[O-][N+](=O)[O-].[O-][N+](=O)[O-] 213 19.72
Lithium nitrate [Li+].[O-][N+](=O)[O-] 69 20.29
Sodium nitrate [Na+].[O-][N+](=O)[O-] 85 16.47

The greatest nitrogen content is therefore that of lithium nitrate.

10. Addition of hydrogen chloride to pent-2-enoic acid — C

Pent-2-enoic acid has SMILES CCC=CC(=O)O. Numbering begins at the carboxyl carbon:

\[ \underset{1}{\ce{HOOC}}- \underset{2}{\ce{CH}}= \underset{3}{\ce{CH}}- \underset{4}{\ce{CH2}}- \underset{5}{\ce{CH3}}. \]

The electron-withdrawing carboxyl group makes the \(\beta\)-carbon, carbon 3, the site for chloride addition. The overall reaction is

\[ \ce{HOOC-CH=CH-CH2-CH3 + HCl -> HOOC-CH2-CHCl-CH2-CH3}. \]

Thus chlorine attaches mainly to carbon 3, giving 3-chloropentanoic acid.

Under achiral conditions the product is racemic. Its two enantiomers are represented by CC[C@H](Cl)CC(=O)O and CC[C@@H](Cl)CC(=O)O. These SMILES specify configuration, but do not depict the electron redistribution during addition.

11. Calcium nitrate hydrate — D

Write the hydrate as \(\ce{Ca(NO3)2.$n$ H2O}\). The molar mass of anhydrous calcium nitrate is

\[ M(\ce{Ca(NO3)2})=40+2(14+3\times16) =164\ \mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}. \]

The water mass fraction gives

\[ \frac{18n}{164+18n}=0.305. \]

Therefore,

\[ 18n=0.305(164+18n), \]

\[ n=\frac{0.305\times164}{18(1-0.305)} =3.998\approx4. \]

The hydrate is calcium nitrate tetrahydrate. Checking,

\[ \frac{4\times18}{164+4\times18}\times100\% =30.51\%, \]

which agrees with the stated \(30.5\%\).

12. Strongest organic acid — B

The structures being compared are:

Acid SMILES
Benzoic acid O=C(O)c1ccccc1
2-Chlorobenzoic acid O=C(O)c1ccccc1Cl
4-Methylbenzoic acid O=C(O)c1ccc(C)cc1
2-Aminobenzoic acid O=C(O)c1ccccc1N
4-Bromobenzoic acid O=C(O)c1ccc(Br)cc1

The intended strongest acid is 2-chlorobenzoic acid. Its nearby chlorine substituent produces strong electron withdrawal, together with the characteristic ortho enhancement of benzoic-acid acidity. This favours formation of the carboxylate:

\[ \ce{C6H4ClCOOH + H2O <=> C6H4ClCOO- + H3O+}. \]

The conjugate base, 2-chlorobenzoate, is O=C([O-])c1ccccc1Cl.

The methyl group donates electron density. An unprotonated amino group also donates by resonance, while the more distant para-bromine substituent has a weaker acid-strengthening effect than ortho-chlorine.

For 2-aminobenzoic acid, zwitterionic equilibria also matter: its zwitterion is O=C([O-])c1ccccc1[NH3+]. Acidity of a separately protonated amino-acid cation must not be confused with dissociation of the net-neutral acid being compared here.

13. Highest degree of dissociation — D

The acids are:

Acid SMILES
Hypochlorous acid OCl
Chlorous acid OCl=O
Chloric acid OCl(=O)=O
Perchloric acid OCl(=O)(=O)=O

Their dissociation can be written generally as

\[ \ce{HClO_{$n$} + H2O <=> H3O+ + ClO_{$n$}^{-}}, \qquad n=1,2,3,4. \]

Increasing the number of oxygen atoms increases electron withdrawal and stabilises the conjugate anion. The acid-strength order is

\[ \ce{HClO}<\ce{HClO2}<\ce{HClO3}<\ce{HClO4}. \]

The conjugate anions are hypochlorite [O-]Cl, chlorite [O-]Cl=O, chlorate [O-]Cl(=O)=O, and perchlorate [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O. These are individual Lewis representations; SMILES does not depict resonance delocalisation.

Under the intended comparison at otherwise equal conditions, perchloric acid has the greatest tendency to dissociate.

14. Salts that do not undergo hydrolysis — A and E

Potassium bromide is formed from a strong acid and a strong base. Its dissolution supplies potassium ions [K+] and bromide ions [Br-], neither of which appreciably hydrolyses:

\[ \ce{KBr(s) -> K+(aq) + Br-(aq)}. \]

Barium sulphate is likewise treated as a salt of a strong base and strong acid, with no appreciable hydrolysis in this classification. It is also very sparingly soluble:

\[ \ce{BaSO4(s) <=> Ba^2+(aq) + SO4^2-(aq)}. \]

The barium ion is [Ba+2], and sulphate is [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].

The other salts do hydrolyse:

  • Aluminium(III) and iron(III) aquo ions acidify water by hydrolysis.
  • Carbonate is a basic anion and produces hydroxide.

For either trivalent metal, the first hydrolysis step is

\[ \ce{[M(H2O)6]^3+ + H2O <=> [M(OH)(H2O)5]^2+ + H3O+}, \qquad M=\ce{Al},\ce{Fe}. \]

For completeness, dative-bond SMILES for these species are:

Species SMILES
Hexaaquaaluminium(III) O->[Al+3](<-O)(<-O)(<-O)(<-O)<-O
Pentaaquahydroxidoaluminium(III) [OH-]->[Al+3](<-O)(<-O)(<-O)(<-O)<-O
Hexaaquairon(III) O->[Fe+3](<-O)(<-O)(<-O)(<-O)<-O
Pentaaquahydroxidoiron(III) [OH-]->[Fe+3](<-O)(<-O)(<-O)(<-O)<-O

The six oxygen donors occupy approximately octahedral coordination environments; the SMILES does not encode that spatial arrangement.

Carbonate hydrolysis is

\[ \ce{CO3^2- + H2O <=> HCO3- + OH-}. \]

Carbonate is O=C([O-])[O-], and hydrogen carbonate is O=C(O)[O-]. Thus the correct selections are A and E.

15. Air required to burn ammonia — D

Ordinary combustion of ammonia gives nitrogen and water:

\[ \ce{4NH3 + 3O2 -> 2N2 + 6H2O}. \]

At the same temperature and pressure,

\[ V(\ce{O2})=\frac34V(\ce{NH3}). \]

Thus \(1\ \mathrm{L}\) of ammonia requires \(0.75\ \mathrm{L}\) of oxygen. Taking air as approximately \(21\%\) oxygen by volume,

\[ V(\text{air})=\frac{0.75}{0.21}=3.57\ \mathrm{L}. \]

Using the school approximation of \(20\%\) gives \(3.75\ \mathrm{L}\). In either case, the nearest answer is \(4\ \mathrm{L}\).

16. Thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate — E

Sodium hydrogen carbonate is [Na+].O=C(O)[O-]. It decomposes according to

\[ \ce{2NaHCO3 ->[\Delta] Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O}. \]

Sodium carbonate is [Na+].[Na+].O=C([O-])[O-].

The oxidation states remain:

\[ \ce{Na}:\ +1,\qquad \ce{H}:\ +1,\qquad \ce{O}:\ -2,\qquad \ce{C}:\ +4. \]

No oxidation state changes, so no element is oxidised.

17. Calcium carbonate decomposition equilibrium — C and E

The equilibrium is

\[ \ce{CaCO3(s) <=> CaO(s) + CO2(g)}. \]

Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide have the formal ionic representations [Ca+2].[O-]C(=O)[O-] and [Ca+2].[O-2], respectively.

When both solid phases are present, their activities are unity, so

\[ K_p=\frac{p_{\ce{CO2}}}{p^\circ}. \]

Consequently:

  • A: Increasing temperature favours the endothermic decomposition.
  • B: Decreasing pressure by expansion lowers the carbon dioxide partial pressure and favours decomposition.
  • C: A catalyst changes the rates of approach to equilibrium, but not the equilibrium position.
  • D: Changing carbon dioxide concentration changes the reaction quotient.
  • E: Adding more pure solid calcium carbonate does not change its activity and therefore does not shift equilibrium, provided the solid phases remain present.

The changes with no effect on equilibrium position are C and E.

18. Products at the platinum anode — B and E

At an inert platinum anode, chloride oxidation and water oxidation are competing processes in aqueous aluminium chloride.

Chloride ions, [Cl-], produce chlorine:

\[ \ce{2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e-}. \]

Water oxidation produces oxygen:

\[ \ce{2H2O -> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-}. \]

Thus both oxygen and chlorine must be included: B and E. Their relative production depends on chloride concentration, electrode potential, current density, and mass transport; the problem does not determine their ratio.

Hydrogen formation is a cathodic process, for example

\[ \ce{2H2O + 2e- -> H2 + 2OH-}. \]

Any aluminium hydroxide formed by local alkalinisation also belongs to the cathodic region:

\[ \ce{Al^3+ + 3OH- -> Al(OH)3(s)}. \]

Aluminium hydroxide is an extended solid, formally represented by [Al+3].[OH-].[OH-].[OH-]. Neither it nor metallic aluminium is an anodic product here.

19. Apparatus for preparing ammonia — C

The preparation reaction is

\[ \ce{2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 ->[\Delta] 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O}. \]

The salt representations are ammonium chloride [NH4+].[Cl-], calcium hydroxide [Ca+2].[OH-].[OH-], and calcium chloride [Ca+2].[Cl-].[Cl-].

The correct apparatus must satisfy three requirements:

  1. Ammonia is lighter than air, so it is collected in an inverted receiver, displacing air downward.
  2. Ammonia is highly soluble in water, so collection over water is unsuitable.
  3. The heated generating tube should slope downward toward its mouth, so condensed water does not run back onto the strongly heated end.

Figure C satisfies all three. Figures A and D have upright receivers; B attempts collection over water; E slopes the generating tube so condensate can return to the hot end.

20. Apparatus for preparing bromoethane — A

Hydrogen bromide is generated from potassium bromide and sulphuric acid:

\[ \ce{KBr + H2SO4 -> KHSO4 + HBr}. \]

It reacts with ethanol:

\[ \ce{CH3CH2OH + HBr -> CH3CH2Br + H2O}. \]

The overall equation is

\[ \ce{KBr + H2SO4 + CH3CH2OH -> KHSO4 + CH3CH2Br + H2O}. \]

The relevant structures are ethanol CCO, hydrogen bromide [H]Br, bromoethane CCBr, and potassium hydrogen sulphate [K+].OS(=O)(=O)[O-].

Bromoethane is volatile and is distilled as it forms. Apparatus A has the appropriate arrangement:

  • The thermometer bulb is near the side-arm entrance, where it measures the temperature of the vapour entering the condenser.
  • Cooling water enters the lower, receiver-side connection and leaves through the upper, flask-side connection, keeping the condenser jacket filled.
  • The delivery tube extends below the receiving liquid, helping retain the volatile product.

B lacks a water-cooled condenser. C reverses the cooling-water flow and places the thermometer too low. E also places the thermometer too low. D lacks the thermometer and liquid collection arrangement provided in A.

The answers were checked against the official answers published by the organisers.