IMO 1965 · Problem 6

In a plane a set of \(n\) points (\(n \geq 3\)) is given. Each pair of points is connected by a segment. Let \(d\) be the length of the longest of these segments. We define a diameter of the set to be any connecting segment of length \(d\). Prove that the number of diameters of the given set is at most \(n\).

Official text of the problem. Official problem paper (PDF)

Solution

The points are distinct, so \(d>0\). Scaling the configuration, we may assume \(d=1\). Call two points diameter neighbors if their distance is \(1\).

We first prove that if a point has at least three diameter neighbors, then one of those neighbors has exactly one diameter neighbor.

Let that point be \(O\), and take \(O\) as the origin. Fix a diameter neighbor \(U\). Every diameter neighbor \(X\) of \(O\) satisfies \[ |X|=|U|=1,\qquad |X-U|\leq 1, \] where \(|\cdot|\) denotes Euclidean length. Consequently, \[ X\cdot U=\frac{|X|^2+|U|^2-|X-U|^2}{2}\geq\frac12. \] Thus all diameter neighbors of \(O\) lie on an arc of its unit circle having angular length \(120^\circ\), which is less than a semicircle.

Choose three such neighbors and label them \(A,B,C\) in angular order along this arc. The ray \(OB\) therefore meets the interior of the chord \(AC\). It follows that \[ B=\lambda A+\mu C \] for some \(\lambda,\mu>0\). Since \(A,B,C\) are distinct unit vectors, \[ 1=|B|^2 =(\lambda+\mu)^2-\lambda\mu|A-C|^2 <(\lambda+\mu)^2. \] Hence \(\lambda+\mu>1\).

Now let \(Q\neq O\) be any point of the given set. From \(|Q-A|\leq1\) and \(|Q-C|\leq1\), we obtain \[ 2Q\cdot A\geq |Q|^2,\qquad 2Q\cdot C\geq |Q|^2. \] Therefore \[ \begin{aligned} |Q-B|^2 &=|Q|^2+1-2Q\cdot B\\ &=|Q|^2+1-2\lambda Q\cdot A-2\mu Q\cdot C\\ &\leq 1-(\lambda+\mu-1)|Q|^2\\ &<1, \end{aligned} \] because \(Q\neq O\). Thus \(B\)'s only diameter neighbor is \(O\), proving the claim.

We now proceed by induction on \(n\). For \(n=3\), there are only three connecting segments, so the assertion holds.

Suppose \(n\geq4\) and the assertion holds for \(n-1\) points. If every point has at most two diameter neighbors, then, counting each diameter at its two endpoints, \[ 2(\text{number of diameters})\leq 2n, \] as required.

Otherwise, some point \(O\) has at least three diameter neighbors. By the claim, one of them, \(B\), has only \(O\) as a diameter neighbor. Delete \(B\). At least two diameter neighbors of \(O\) remain, so the remaining set still has longest distance \(1\). By the induction hypothesis it has at most \(n-1\) diameters. Restoring \(B\) adds exactly one diameter, namely \(OB\), giving at most \(n\) diameters.

This completes the proof.

The solution was checked against John Scholes' IMO solution archive (Kalva).