{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "problem_number": "OWR-14299292-013",
  "title": "On a Question of Stanojkovski: Abelian Subgroups of Breadth Two Distinguish Vaughan-Lee's Groups 8.5.14 and 8.5.15",
  "author": {
    "name": "Alper Ferudun",
    "affiliation": "Mercury Software GmbH",
    "url": "https://github.com/AlperTheKing"
  },
  "abstract": "At the problem session of the Oberwolfach workshop Computational Group Theory (June 2025), M. Stanojkovski asked whether an invariant simpler than the order of the automorphism group can show that two groups G1 and G2 of order p^8, class 2 and exponent p (p an odd prime) are not isomorphic. They are the groups 8.5.14 and 8.5.15 of Vaughan-Lee's list, whose presentations and automorphism group orders are due to Vaughan-Lee, and they are the one pair of 5-generator groups of order p^8 that the geometric invariants of O'Brien and Stanojkovski did not separate in their computations. For a group G of class 2 let 𝒜(G) be the set of abelian subgroups A ≥ G′ with |A : G′| = p² all of whose elements outside G′ have centraliser of index p². We prove that |𝒜(G1)| = 1 and |𝒜(G2)| = 3 for every odd prime p and every quadratic non-residue ω in the presentation of G1; hence G1 ≇ G2. The proof is uniform in p: the elements of breadth two form, in the projective space of G/G′, a plane and a cubic scroll; the members of 𝒜(G) are the lines of this locus on which the commutator map vanishes; and the hypothesis on ω enters only through t² ≠ ω. We also determine the commuting graph on the elements of breadth two, whose numbers of edges differ by p, and we show that G1 depends only on the square class of ω and is isomorphic to G2 when ω is a square. The pair had already been separated without automorphism groups in the classification literature: Copetti's thesis of 2004, following Brahana's paper of 1951, attaches to the space of commutator forms a pencil of conics, which contains double lines only for 8.5.15. We show that |𝒜(G)| − 1 is the number of these double lines, so that |𝒜(G)| is a group-theoretic form of their invariant. Breadth and centralisers are classical notions; whether either invariant is simpler in the intended sense is for the proposers to judge. This is an unrefereed note.",
  "result_type": "COMPLETE_PROOF",
  "categories": [
    "math.GR",
    "math.RA"
  ],
  "keywords": [
    "p-groups of class 2 and exponent p",
    "isomorphism invariants",
    "breadth",
    "centralisers",
    "abelian subgroups",
    "alternating bilinear maps",
    "Pfaffians",
    "rational normal scroll",
    "pencils of conics",
    "character degrees",
    "Vaughan-Lee groups 8.5.14 and 8.5.15",
    "Oberwolfach Reports problems",
    "UnsolvedMath",
    "OWR-14299292-013",
    "math.GR",
    "math.RA",
    "open mathematics"
  ],
  "manuscript_version_date": "2026-10-14",
  "publication_date": "2026-10-14",
  "publication_date_kind": "first public online release",
  "version": "1.0",
  "date_modified": "2026-10-14",
  "presentation_revision_only": false,
  "doi_archived_file_version": "1.0",
  "status": "unrefereed preprint",
  "canonical_url": "https://eulersolve.org/papers/owr-14299292-013/",
  "pdf_url": "https://eulersolve.org/papers/owr-14299292-013/paper.pdf?v=df69525edc13",
  "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.23376497",
  "zenodo_record_url": "https://zenodo.org/records/23376497",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "scope_caveat": "Answers M. Stanojkovski's question (Oberwolfach Report 27/2025): the number of abelian subgroups A >= G' of index p^2 over G' whose elements outside G' have breadth two is 1 for Vaughan-Lee's group 8.5.14 and 3 for 8.5.15, for every odd prime p. The pair had already been separated without automorphism groups by a pencil of conics in Copetti's thesis (2004), after Brahana (1951); the note proves that the new count is a group-theoretic form of that invariant. Brahana's papers could not be read. Novelty of the count is not certified.",
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  "ai_use_disclosure": "AI-assisted tools supported research, computation, proof development, and manuscript preparation. The author remains responsible for all claims and the final text."
}