IMO 1999 · Problem 2

Let \(n\) be a fixed integer, with \(n \geq 2\).

(a) Determine the least constant \(C\) such that the inequality \[ \sum_{1\leq i<j\leq n} x_i x_j(x_i^2+x_j^2) \leq C\left(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n}x_i\right)^4 \] holds for all real numbers \(x_1,\cdots,x_n\geq 0\).

(b) For this constant \(C\), determine when equality holds.

Official text of the problem. Official problem paper (PDF)

Answer

The least constant is \[ \boxed{C=\frac18}. \] Equality holds exactly when, up to permutation, \[ (x_1,\ldots,x_n)=(t,t,0,\ldots,0),\qquad t\geq0. \]

Solution

Taking \(x_1=x_2=1\) and all other variables zero gives \(2\leq16C\). Thus \(C\geq\frac18\).

We prove that \(C=\frac18\) works and determine all equality cases.

Let \(S=\sum_{i=1}^n x_i\). If \(S=0\), all variables are zero and equality holds. Otherwise, put \(y_i=x_i/S\), so that \(y_i\geq0\) and \(\sum_i y_i=1\). We must prove \[ F(y_1,\ldots,y_n):= \sum_{i<j}y_i y_j(y_i^2+y_j^2)\leq\frac18. \] Writing \(f(t)=t^3(1-t)\), we have \[ F=\sum_{i=1}^n y_i^3\sum_{j\ne i}y_j =\sum_{i=1}^n f(y_i). \]

Suppose at least three entries are positive. Let \(a\leq b\) be the two smallest positive entries, and put \(s=a+b\). A third positive entry is at least \(b\geq s/2\), so \[ 1\geq s+\frac{s}{2}, \qquad\text{hence}\qquad s\leq\frac23. \] Replace the entries \(a,b\) by \(s,0\). This preserves nonnegativity and the sum of the entries. Moreover, \[ \begin{aligned} f(s)-f(a)-f(b) &=3ab(a+b)-4ab(a+b)^2+2a^2b^2\\ &=ab\bigl[s(3-4s)+2ab\bigr]>0, \end{aligned} \] because \(a,b>0\) and \(3-4s\geq\frac13\).

Thus, whenever there are at least three positive entries, merging the two smallest strictly increases \(F\) and reduces the number of positive entries by one. Repeating this operation leaves exactly two positive entries.

It therefore remains to consider vectors with one or two positive entries. With only one positive entry, that entry equals \(1\), and \(F=0<\frac18\). With two positive entries \(a,b\), we have \(a+b=1\), and \[ F=ab(a^2+b^2) =\frac{(a+b)^4-(a-b)^4}{8} =\frac{1-(a-b)^4}{8} \leq\frac18. \] Equality holds precisely when \(a=b=\frac12\).

Since every merging step was strictly increasing, a vector with at least three positive entries has \(F<\frac18\). Consequently, for \(S>0\), equality holds precisely when two entries are \(S/2\) and all others are zero. Together with the case \(S=0\), these are exactly the stated equality cases.

The solution was checked against Evan Chen's published IMO solution notes.