IMO 1997 · Problem 2

The angle at \(A\) is the smallest angle of triangle \(ABC\). The points \(B\) and \(C\) divide the circumcircle of the triangle into two arcs. Let \(U\) be an interior point of the arc between \(B\) and \(C\) which does not contain \(A\). The perpendicular bisectors of \(AB\) and \(AC\) meet the line \(AU\) at \(V\) and \(W\), respectively. The lines \(BV\) and \(CW\) meet at \(T\). Show that \[ AU = TB + TC. \]

Official text of the problem. Official problem paper (PDF)

Solution

Write \[ a=\angle BAC,\qquad b=\angle ABC,\qquad c=\angle BCA, \] and \[ x=\angle BAU,\qquad y=\angle UAC. \] Since \(U\) is strictly inside the specified arc, the ray \(AU\) lies strictly inside \(\angle BAC\). Thus \[ x>0,\qquad y>0,\qquad x+y=a. \] Moreover, the smallest-angle hypothesis gives \[ a\le b,\qquad a\le c,\qquad a\le60^\circ. \]

We first establish the position of \(T\). Since \(x,y<90^\circ\), the line \(AU\) is not parallel to either perpendicular bisector, so \(V\) and \(W\) exist uniquely. Both lie on the ray \(AU\). Indeed, if \(V\) lay on the opposite ray, then \(\angle VAB=180^\circ-x>90^\circ\), which is impossible in the isosceles triangle \(AVB\), where \(VA=VB\). The argument for \(W\) is identical.

Consequently, these isosceles triangles give \[ \angle ABV=x,\qquad \angle ACW=y. \] As \(V\) lies on the same side of \(AB\) as \(C\), and \(x<a\le b\), the ray \(BV\) lies strictly inside \(\angle ABC\). Similarly, \(CW\) lies strictly inside \(\angle BCA\). These two interior rays meet inside triangle \(ABC\): each crosses the opposite side, and the resulting two segments have alternating endpoints around the triangle’s boundary. Their intersection is therefore \(T\).

It follows that \[ \angle TBC=b-x,\qquad \angle BCT=c-y, \] and hence \[ \angle BTC =180^\circ-(b-x)-(c-y) =2a. \] Applying the sine rule in triangle \(BTC\), we obtain \[ TB+TC =\frac{BC}{\sin 2a}\bigl(\sin(c-y)+\sin(b-x)\bigr). \] Here \(\sin2a>0\), since \(0<a\le60^\circ\). Using \(x+y=a\) and \(a+b+c=180^\circ\), we have \[ \begin{aligned} \sin(c-y)+\sin(b-x) &=\sin(b+y+a)+\sin(b+y-a)\\ &=2\sin(b+y)\cos a. \end{aligned} \] Therefore \[ TB+TC=\frac{BC\sin(b+y)}{\sin a}. \]

Let \(R\) be the circumradius of \(ABC\). The inscribed angles subtending chord \(AB\) give \[ \angle BUA=\angle BCA=c, \] so \[ \angle ABU=180^\circ-c-x=b+y. \] The extended sine rule in triangles \(ABC\) and \(ABU\), which have the same circumcircle, now yields \[ BC=2R\sin a,\qquad AU=2R\sin(b+y). \] Thus \[ TB+TC =\frac{2R\sin a\sin(b+y)}{\sin a} =AU. \]

All inequalities needed above remain strict when two or all three angles of \(ABC\) are equal. The argument also allows \(V=W\), in which case \(T=V=W\).

The solution was checked against Evan Chen's published IMO solution notes.